Linux 简介

Linux 的来历、内核与发行版的区别、常见发行版怎么选。

Beginner
Key Points1991 年 Linus 写出内核,GNU 提供工具,合起来成为可用的系统;发行版 = 内核 + 工具 + 包管理 + 默认配置。

来历

Stallman started GNU in 1983 and produced the compiler, shell and core utilities — but no kernel. Linus released the Linux kernel in 1991. Together they form a complete free OS, which is why the precise name is GNU/Linux.

内核与发行版

LayerExamplesResponsibility
KernelLinux 6.xProcess scheduling, memory, drivers, syscalls
Userlandglibc, bash, coreutilsShell, libc, basic commands
Package managerapt / dnf / apkInstall, upgrade, resolve deps
Initsystemd / OpenRCBoot services, supervision

常见发行版

DistroPackageUse
Ubuntu LTSaptMost tutorials, cloud default
DebianaptStable, minimal, servers
Rocky / AlmaLinuxdnfRHEL-compatible, enterprise
AlpineapkTiny containers, musl libc
ArchpacmanRolling, for enthusiasts

看自己的系统

Bash
cat /etc/os-release
uname -r
getconf LONG_BIT
On a cloud host, ID and VERSION_ID in /etc/os-release tell you whether to use apt or dnf. Do not guess.

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